Introduction
In this tutorial, we will walk through the process of building and deploying a secure multi-signature wallet on the Celo blockchain. We will be using Solidity, Hardhat, a development environment to write and deploy our smart contract. By the end of this tutorial, you will have a better understanding of how multi-signature wallets work and be able to create your own on the Celo blockchain.
Prerequisites
Before we dive into building our multi-signature wallet, there are a few prerequisites that you should have:
-
Familiarity with Solidity: This tutorial assumes that you have a basic understanding of Solidity, the programming language used to write smart contracts on the Celo blockchain.
-
Familiarity with Hardhat: We will be using Hardhat to write and deploy our smart contract. Therefore, you should have some familiarity with Hardhat or a similar Ethereum development environment such as Truffle.
-
Familiarity with JavaScript: Although Solidity is the primary language used to write smart contracts, we will also be using JavaScript to test our smart contracts. Therefore, you should have some familiarity with JavaScript and how it interacts with smart contracts.
-
A Celo wallet: To interact with the Celo blockchain, you will need a Celo wallet. There are several wallets available such as MetaMask and Celo Extension Wallet. You should have a basic understanding of how to create a wallet, receive and send funds, and how connect your wallet to the Celo blockchain.
Requirements
To build and deploy our multi-signature wallet on the Celo blockchain, we will need to:
-
Set up a development environment: We will need to set up a development environment with Hardhat, which will allow us to write, test, and deploy our smart contract.
-
Write the smart contract code: Using Solidity, we will write the code for our multi-signature wallet. The code will include functions for adding and removing owners, submitting and confirming transactions, and withdrawing funds from the wallet.
-
Test the smart contract: We will use JavaScript to write automated tests for our smart contract to ensure that it functions as expected. Mocha and Chai are popular testing frameworks for JavaScript that can be used for this purpose.
-
Deploy the smart contract: Once we have written and tested our smart contract, we will deploy it to the Celo blockchain. To do this, we’ll need some test funds to pay for the deployments and main transactional functions. You can find test funds from the Celo faucet here
-
Interact with the deployed contract: We will use our Celo wallet to interact with our deployed contract, adding and removing owners, submitting transactions, and confirming transactions.
Setting up the project
Before we can start writing our smart contract code, we need to set up a development environment with Hardhat. Follow these steps to get started:
- Install Node.js: Hardhat requires Node.js version 12.0.0 or later. You can download and install the latest version of Node.js from the official website: https://nodejs.org/
Create a new project directory: Create a new directory for your project and navigate to it in your terminal.
mkdir multisig-wallet
cd multisig-wallet
Initialize a new npm project: Use the following command to initialize a new npm project in your directory. This will create a package.json file, which will be used to manage dependencies for your project.
npm init -y
Install Hardhat: Use npm to install Hardhat as a dev dependency in your project directory.
npm install --save-dev hardhat
Create a Hardhat project: Use the following command to create a new Hardhat project in your project directory. This will generate some initial files and directories for your project.
npx hardhat
Select Create a JavaScript project and continue rest with the y flag to install all the necessary dependencies.
$ npx hardhat
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888 888 "Y888888 888 "Y88888 888 888 "Y888888 "Y888
Welcome to Hardhat v2.10.0
? What do you want to do? …
▸ Create a JavaScript project
Create a TypeScript project
Create an empty hardhat.config.js
Quit
Writing the Contract
We start by defining the version of Solidity we will be using for our smart contract. In this case, we are using version 0.8.9.
pragma solidity ^0.8.9;
The next few lines define some custom errors that we will be using in our contract. These errors will be thrown if certain conditions are met, such as if a user is already registered or a transaction has already been executed. These errors will make it easier for us to handle exceptions and debug our code.
error MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyFound();
error MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionDoesNotExist();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionAlreadyExecuted();
error MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyConfirmedTransaction();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionNeedsApproval();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionExecutionFailed();
Defining the state variables
Creating and naming the contract MultisigWallet, we have also defined and declared some variables as shown below.
contract MultisigWallet {
// get all owners / addresses in the wallet
address[] private s_owners;
uint256 private s_balance;
//Check if an address is the owner of the wallet.
mapping(address => bool) private isOwner;
//specifies the number of confirmations required for a transaction to be executed.
uint256 private s_numOfConfirmationsRequired;
}
The first variable s_owners is an array of addresses that represent the owners of the wallet. We use the private keyword to restrict access to this variable only to the contract itself.
The second variable s_balance is an unsigned integer that represents the balance of the wallet. This variable will be updated every time a transaction is executed or reversed.
The third variable isOwner is a mapping that allows us to check whether an address is the owner of the wallet. We use the mapping keyword to create a key-value mapping where the key is the address of the owner and the value is a boolean that indicates whether that address is an owner.
The fourth variable s_numOfConfirmationsRequired is an unsigned integer that specifies the number of confirmations required for a transaction to be executed. This means that if we set this variable to 2, for example, then two owners of the wallet will have to confirm a transaction before it can be executed.
By setting these variables and defining our data structures, we are laying the groundwork for our multi-signature wallet.
Since we’ve made the state variables private to the contract, we may need a way of accessing them outside the contract. And to achieve this, we define getter or pure, or view functions that are called when outside the contract, and they return whichever variable is needed.
Typically, view functions are defined at the end of the contract as shown below.
// Pure / View
function getOwners() public view returns (address[] memory) {
return s_owners;
}
function getNumberOfConfimationsRequired() public view returns (uint256) {
return s_numOfConfirmationsRequired;
}
function getTransactions() public view returns (Transaction[] memory) {
return s_transactions;
}
function getTransaction(
uint256 _txIndex
) public view returns (Transaction memory) {
return s_transaction[_txIndex];
}
function getBalance() public view returns (uint256) {
return s_balance;
}
By doing it this way, we save on some of the gas consumption by the contract.
Handling events
We have defined some events and other data structures that will be used in our contract, as shown below.
// events
event SubmitTx(
address indexed owner,
uint256 indexed txIndex,
address indexed to,
uint256 amount,
string reason
);
event ConfirmTx(address indexed owner, uint indexed txIndex);
event ExecuteTx(address indexed owner, uint indexed txIndex);
struct Transaction {
uint256 txIndex;
address to;
uint256 amount;
string reason;
bool executed;
uint256 confirmations;
}
Transaction[] private s_transactions;
mapping(uint256 => Transaction) private s_transaction;
mapping(uint256 => bool) private txExits;
mapping(uint256 => mapping(address => bool)) s_userHasConfimed;
First, we have defined three events: SubmitTx, ConfirmTx, and ExecuteTx. These events will be emitted when a new transaction is submitted, when an owner confirms a transaction, and when a transaction is executed, respectively. The indexed keyword is used to make these events searchable by the specified parameters.
Next, we have defined a new data structure called Transaction. This structure represents a transaction that can be executed on the wallet. It includes several properties such as the transaction index, the recipient address, the amount to be transferred, the reason for the transaction, whether it has been executed, and the number of confirmations it has received.
We have also defined an array called s_transactions that will store all of the transactions that have been submitted to the wallet. We use the private keyword to restrict access to this array only to the contract itself.
Additionally, we have defined two mappings. The first mapping s_transaction maps the transaction index to the transaction data. This will allow us to easily retrieve information about a particular transaction. The second mapping txExists is a boolean mapping that tells us whether a transaction with a particular index exists or not.
Finally, we have defined a mapping s_userHasConfirmed that keeps track of which user has confirmed a particular transaction using the transaction index. This mapping will be used to ensure that a user cannot confirm a transaction multiple times.
Defining the constructor
Next, we are defining the constructor for our smart contract. The constructor is a special function that is executed when the smart contract is deployed on the blockchain. The constructor takes an array of addresses as input, which represents the initial list of owners for our multi-sig wallet.
constructor(address[] memory _owners) payable {
s_numOfConfirmationsRequired = _owners.length;
// Loop through the entered array and add all the addresses to the s_owners group
for (uint i = 0; i < _owners.length; i++) {
// Extract out the looped address
address user = _owners[i];
if (isOwner[user] == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyFound();
}
// Add it to the isOwner mapping to make sure it is part of the owners of the wallet
isOwner[user] = true;
s_owners.push(user);
}
s_balance = msg.value;
}
First, we set the number of confirmations required for a transaction to be executed. This is equal to the length of the input array since we require all owners to confirm a transaction before it can be executed.
Next, we loop through the input array of addresses, add each address to the s_owners array, and set the corresponding isOwner mapping to true to indicate that the address is an owner of the multi-sig wallet.
We also check to make sure that the address being added is not already an owner, and if it is, we revert the transaction by calling the MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyFound() error function.
Finally, we set the initial balance of the wallet to be equal to the value of msg.value, which is the amount of Ether sent with the contract deployment transaction.
Main contract functions
In this part of the code, we are defining the main functions of our smart contract. The first function is submitTransaction, which allows any owner of the wallet to submit a new transaction to be approved by other owners.
function submitTransaction(
address receiver,
uint256 _amount,
string memory _reason
) public {
if (isOwner[msg.sender] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
}
// Get the tx length
uint256 txNum = s_transactions.length;
s_transactions.push(
Transaction({
txIndex: txNum,
to: receiver,
amount: _amount,
reason: _reason,
executed: false,
confirmations: 0
})
);
txExits[txNum] = true;
emit SubmitTx(msg.sender, txNum, receiver, _amount, _reason);
}
The function takes in three parameters: the address of the receiver, the amount of Celo coins to be sent, and a string describing the reason for the transaction.
The first line of the function checks whether the caller of the function is an owner of the wallet. If not, the function will revert and throw an error with the message MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner().
The next lines of the function create a new transaction with the specified parameters and push it onto an array called s_transactions. We also set a mapping called txExits to true to indicate that the transaction exists. Finally, we emit an event called SubmitTx, which logs information about the transaction such as the owner who submitted it, the transaction index, the receiver address, the amount of Celo coins, and the reason for the transaction.
This function is an important part of our multi-signature wallet, as it allows any owner to propose a new transaction and begin the approval process.
Next, we have a function named confirmTransaction which allows an owner to confirm a submitted transaction.
function confirmTransaction(uint256 _txIndex) public {
// Verify that the user trying to confirm the transaction is a verified owner
if (isOwner[msg.sender] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
}
// Verify that the transaction exists
if (txExits[_txIndex] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionDoesNotExist();
}
// Verify that the transaction is not yet executed
if (s_transactions[_txIndex].executed == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionAlreadyExecuted();
}
// Verify that the user has not already confirmed the transaction
if (s_userHasConfimed[_txIndex][msg.sender] == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyConfirmedTransaction();
}
// Extract out the wanted transaction
Transaction storage transaction = s_transactions[_txIndex];
// Update the number of confirmations
transaction.confirmations += 1;
// Update user confirmation status
s_userHasConfimed[_txIndex][msg.sender] = true;
// Emit the confirmation event
emit ConfirmTx(msg.sender, _txIndex);
}
To do so, the function verifies that the user trying to confirm the transaction is a verified owner by checking if the msg.sender is an owner. If not, it will revert and throw an error message using the NotAnOwner error.
Next, the function verifies that the transaction exists by checking if the txIndex provided exists in the txExits mapping. If it does not exist, it will revert and throw an error message using the TransactionDoesNotExist error.
Then, the function checks if the transaction has not already been executed by checking if the executed flag in the Transaction struct is false. If it is already executed, it will revert and throw an error message using the TransactionAlreadyExecuted error.
The function then checks if the user has not already confirmed the transaction by checking the s_userHasConfirmed mapping for the transaction index and the user’s address. If the user has already confirmed the transaction, it will revert and throw an error message using the UserAlreadyConfirmedTransaction error.
If all the above checks pass, the function updates the number of confirmations for the transaction and updates the s_userHasConfirmed mapping to record that the user has confirmed the transaction. It also emits a ConfirmTx event with the msg.sender and the txIndex.
Note that this function does not execute the transaction, but only confirms it. The execution happens in a separate function that we defined in the executeTransaction function below.
The executeTransaction function allows an owner of the multi-signature wallet to execute a transaction once it has been confirmed by the required number of owners, as defined below.
function executeTransaction(uint256 _txIndex) public {
// Verify that the user trying to confirm the transaction is a verified owner
if (isOwner[msg.sender] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
}
// Verify that the transaction exists
if (txExits[_txIndex] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionDoesNotExist();
}
// Verify that the transaction is not yet executed
if (s_transactions[_txIndex].executed == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionAlreadyExecuted();
}
Transaction storage transaction = s_transactions[_txIndex];
// Verify that the wanted transaction to be executed has the required number of confirmations to continue
if (transaction.confirmations < s_numOfConfirmationsRequired) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionNeedsApproval();
}
// set the transaction to be executed
transaction.executed = true;
(bool success, ) = transaction.to.call{value: transaction.amount}('');
if (!success) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionExecutionFailed();
}
s_balance -= transaction.amount;
emit ExecuteTx(msg.sender, _txIndex);
}
First, the function verifies that the user trying to execute the transaction is a verified owner and that the transaction exists and has not already been executed. Then, the function checks that the transaction has the required number of confirmations to continue.
If the transaction meets all the requirements, the function sets the transaction to be executed and sends the specified amount of ether to the specified receiver address. If the transaction fails, the function reverts and the funds remain in the multi-signature wallet.
Finally, the function emits an event to indicate that the transaction has been executed.
Overall, the executeTransaction function provides an important security feature for the multi-signature wallet, ensuring that funds can only be transferred when a sufficient number of owners have confirmed the transaction.
Our smart contract code is done, we can now compile it.
In your terminal type;
npx hardhat compile
Output:
Here’s the full contract code below;
// SPDX-License-Identifier: UNLICENSED
pragma solidity ^0.8.9;
error MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyFound();
error MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionDoesNotExist();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionAlreadyExecuted();
error MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyConfirmedTransaction();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionNeedsApproval();
error MultisigWallet__TransactionExecutionFailed();
contract MultisigWallet {
// get all owners / addresses in the wallet
address[] private s_owners;
uint256 private s_balance;
//Check if an address is the owner of the wallet.
mapping(address => bool) private isOwner;
//specifies the number of confirmations required for a transaction to be executed.
uint256 private s_numOfConfirmationsRequired;
// events
event SubmitTx(
address indexed owner,
uint256 indexed txIndex,
address indexed to,
uint256 amount,
string reason
);
event ConfirmTx(address indexed owner, uint indexed txIndex);
event ExecuteTx(address indexed owner, uint indexed txIndex);
struct Transaction {
uint256 txIndex;
address to;
uint256 amount;
string reason;
bool executed;
uint256 confirmations;
}
Transaction[] private s_transactions;
mapping(uint256 => Transaction) private s_transaction;
mapping(uint256 => bool) private txExits;
// This mapping keeps track of which user has confirmed a tx using the tx index
mapping(uint256 => mapping(address => bool)) s_userHasConfimed;
constructor(address[] memory _owners) payable {
s_numOfConfirmationsRequired = _owners.length;
// Loop through the entered array and add all the addresses to the s_owners group
for (uint i = 0; i < _owners.length; i++) {
// Extract out the looped address
address user = _owners[i];
if (isOwner[user] == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyFound();
}
// Add it to the isOwner mapping to make sure it is part of the owners of the wallet
isOwner[user] = true;
s_owners.push(user);
}
s_balance = msg.value;
}
// Main functions
function submitTransaction(
address receiver,
uint256 _amount,
string memory _reason
) public {
if (isOwner[msg.sender] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
}
// Get the tx length
uint256 txNum = s_transactions.length;
s_transactions.push(
Transaction({
txIndex: txNum,
to: receiver,
amount: _amount,
reason: _reason,
executed: false,
confirmations: 0
})
);
txExits[txNum] = true;
emit SubmitTx(msg.sender, txNum, receiver, _amount, _reason);
}
// confirmTransaction allows an owner to confirm a submitted transaction
function confirmTransaction(uint256 _txIndex) public {
// Verify that the user trying to confirm the transaction is a verified owner
if (isOwner[msg.sender] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
}
// Verify that the transaction exists
if (txExits[_txIndex] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionDoesNotExist();
}
// Verify that the transaction is not yet executed
if (s_transactions[_txIndex].executed == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionAlreadyExecuted();
}
// Verify that the user has not already confirmed the transaction
if (s_userHasConfimed[_txIndex][msg.sender] == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__UserAlreadyConfirmedTransaction();
}
// Extract out the wanted transaction
Transaction storage transaction = s_transactions[_txIndex];
// Update the number of confirmations
transaction.confirmations += 1;
// Update user confirmation status
s_userHasConfimed[_txIndex][msg.sender] = true;
// Emit the confirmation event
emit ConfirmTx(msg.sender, _txIndex);
}
// used to execute a transaction once it has been confirmed by the required number of owners
function executeTransaction(uint256 _txIndex) public {
// Verify that the user trying to confirm the transaction is a verified owner
if (isOwner[msg.sender] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__NotAnOwner();
}
// Verify that the transaction exists
if (txExits[_txIndex] != true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionDoesNotExist();
}
// Verify that the transaction is not yet executed
if (s_transactions[_txIndex].executed == true) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionAlreadyExecuted();
}
Transaction storage transaction = s_transactions[_txIndex];
// Verify that the wanted transaction to be executed has the required number of confirmations to continue
if (transaction.confirmations < s_numOfConfirmationsRequired) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionNeedsApproval();
}
// set the transaction to be executed
transaction.executed = true;
(bool success, ) = transaction.to.call{value: transaction.amount}('');
if (!success) {
revert MultisigWallet__TransactionExecutionFailed();
}
s_balance -= transaction.amount;
emit ExecuteTx(msg.sender, _txIndex);
}
// Pure / View
function getOwners() public view returns (address[] memory) {
return s_owners;
}
function getNumberOfConfimationsRequired() public view returns (uint256) {
return s_numOfConfirmationsRequired;
}
function getTransactions() public view returns (Transaction[] memory) {
return s_transactions;
}
function getTransaction(
uint256 _txIndex
) public view returns (Transaction memory) {
return s_transaction[_txIndex];
}
function getBalance() public view returns (uint256) {
return s_balance;
}
}
Writing unit tests for the contract
Before we can deploy the contract to the blockchain, we need to first make sure that it behaves the way we want it to behave. And we can only confirm this by writing unit tests for the contract.
Create a file called Multisig.test.js under the /test folder and inside the files import;
const { expect } = require("chai");
const { ethers } = require("hardhat");
We will be writing unit tests for our smart contract using the Chai assertion library and the Hardhat development environment. The expect function is a method provided by the Chai assertion library that allows us to make assertions about the values returned by our smart contract functions. The ethers object is a library provided by Hardhat that allows us to interact with our smart contract during testing. We will use this object to deploy the contract and interact with it in our tests.
We start by defining a describe block, which groups together related tests under a common title in this case, “MultisigWallet” as shown below;
describe('MultisigWallet', function () {
async function deployMultisigWallet() {
const signers = await ethers.getSigners()
const account1 = await signers[0].getAddress()
const account2 = await signers[1].getAddress()
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther('10')
const Contract = await ethers.getContractFactory(
'MultisigWallet',
signers[0]
)
const multisigContract = await Contract.deploy([account1, account2], {
value: amount,
})
await multisigContract.deployed()
contract = multisigContract
contractAddress = multisigContract.address
return { contract, contractAddress, account1, account2 }
}
}
Within this describe block, we define an async function called deployMultisigWallet which will be used to deploy an instance of our contract for testing. This function does the following:
- Retrieves a list of available signers using the
ethers.getSigners()function - Gets the addresses of the first two signers in the list, which will be used as the initial owners of the multi-sig wallet
- Defines an amount of ether to be sent to the wallet during deployment
- Retrieves the contract factory using
ethers.getContractFactory()and passes in the name of our contract and the first signer as the default deployer. - Deploys an instance of the contract using the factory’s
deploy()method, passing in the initial owners as an array and the amount of ether to be sent. - Waits for the contract deployment to be confirmed on the blockchain using
await multisigContract.deployed() - Stores the deployed contract and its address in a variable called
contractandcontractAddress, respectively, along with the addresses of the first two signers.
This function will be called at the start of each test to provide a fresh instance of the contract for testing.
Testing the constructor
The describe function is used to group related tests together, and in this case, we are grouping tests related to the constructor function.
describe("Constructor", function () {
it("Should add the owners to the contract", async function () {
const {
contract,
contractAddress,
account1,
account2,
} = await deployMultisigWallet();
const owners = await contract.getOwners();
expect(account1, account2).to.equal(owners[0], owners[1]);
});
it("Should add the number of confimations successfully", async function () {
const {
contract,
contractAddress,
account1,
account2,
} = await deployMultisigWallet();
const confirmations = await contract.getNumberOfConfimationsRequired();
expect(Number(confirmations.toString())).to.equal(2);
});
});
The first test case uses the it function to verify that the owners are added to the contract successfully. The deployMultisigWallet function is called to deploy the contract, and then the getOwners function is called to retrieve the list of owners. Finally, the expect function is used to compare the retrieved owners with the expected owners, which are account1 and account2.
The second test case verifies that the number of confirmations required is added successfully. Again, we call the deployMultisigWallet function to deploy the contract, and then we use the getNumberOfConfimationsRequired function to retrieve the number of confirmations required for a transaction to be executed. Finally, we use the expect function to compare the retrieved number of confirmations with the expected value of 2.
To run tests, specific to the constructor, in the terminal type;
npx hardhat test --grep "Constructor"
Output:
By using the --grep "Constructor" we can tell Hardhat to jump through specific sections of the tests and only test the logic inside the Constructor block. We can also jump through specific it() function tests too, by using the block description in the function, like
A Failed test
An example of a failed test will look like this;
Chai is a very powerful library for testing software because it raises very clear error messages of why and where the test failed as shown above.
It’s clearly showing that the expected addresses received are not the same and comparable.
npx hardhat test --grep "Should add the owners to the contract"
Testing the submitTransaction function
The purpose of this test is to verify that the function can successfully submit a new transaction to the contract.
describe('SubmitTx', function () {
it('Should successfully submit a transaction, async function () {
const { contract, contractAddress, account1, account2 } =
await deployMultisigWallet()
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther('1')
const reason = 'Payment for stuff'
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
})
const txs = await contract.getTransactions()
expect(txs.length).to.be.greaterThan(0)
})
})
We begin by using the deployMultisigWallet function to deploy a new instance of the MultisigWallet contract, and then we create a new transaction by calling the submitTransaction function with a destination address, amount, and reason.
After the transaction is submitted, we use the getTransactions function to retrieve an array of all the transactions in the contract, and we verify that the array has a length greater than zero using the expect function from the chai library.
To run this test, open your terminal and type;
npx hardhat test --grep "Should successfully submit a transaction"
Output:
This test is important because it ensures that the contract can properly receive and store new transactions, which is a fundamental feature of a multi-sig wallet.
Testing the confirmTransaction function
The confirmTransaction has several multiple test cases as shown in the code below;
describe('ConfirmTx', function () {
it('Should fail when a non owner tries to confirm the transaction', async function () {
const { contract } = await deployMultisigWallet()
// const signers = await ethers.getSigners()
const [deployer, otherAccount, thirdAccount] = await ethers.getSigners()
const localContract = await contract.connect(thirdAccount)
await expect(localContract.confirmTransaction(0)).to.be
.revertedWithCustomError
})
it('Should fail when a transaction entered does not exist', async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet()
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther('1')
const reason = 'Payments for stuff'
// Add a new transaction
awaiting contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
})
await expect(contract.confirmTransaction(100)).to.be
.revertedWithCustomError
})
})
The first test case checks whether the function fails when a non-owner tries to confirm a transaction. We simulate this scenario by using a signer account that is not one of the owners of the wallet. We expect the function call to be reverted with a custom error message.
The second test case checks whether the function fails when the transaction index entered does not exist. We add a new transaction to the wallet and then try to confirm a non-existent transaction. We expect the function call to be reverted with a custom error message.
The third test case checks if a transaction is successfully confirmed. We add a new transaction and then confirm it using await contract.confirmTransaction(0). Then we check to see if the transaction is confirmed by checking the confirmations count of the transaction with await contract.getTransactions(). We use expect to make sure that the number of confirmations of the first transaction is equal to 1.
Testing the executeTransaction function
The executeTransaction is used to execute a transaction that has received the required number of confirmations and in it, we have two test cases as shown below;
describe("ExecuteTx", function () {
it("Should fail when the transaction has less confirmations", async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet();
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payments for stuff";
// Add a new transaction
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
// Confirm the Tx
await contract.confirmTransaction(0);
await expect(contract.executeTransaction(0)).to.be.revertedWithCustomError;
});
it("Should successfully execute the transaction and transfer the balance", async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet();
const [deployer, otherAccount, thirdAccount] = await ethers.getSigners();
const localContract = await contract.connect(otherAccount);
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payments for stuff";
// Add a new transaction
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
// Confirm the Tx
await contract.confirmTransaction(0);
await localContract.confirmTransaction(0);
// Execute the tx
await contract.executeTransaction(0);
const tx = await contract.getTransactions();
expect(tx[0].executed).to.be.true;
});
});
-
The first test case tests if the function fails when the transaction has fewer confirmations than required.
-
The second test case tests if the function successfully executes the transaction and transfers the balance.
In the first test case, we first submit a new transaction and confirm it once. We then try to execute the transaction without confirming it twice, which should fail.
In the second test case, we submit a new transaction and confirm it twice. Then, we execute the transaction and check if it was successfully executed by checking the executed field of the transaction object returned by getTransactions.
We use the expect syntax to check the results of each test case.
All the major contract test cases have been defined accordingly.
To run the full test file, open your terminal and type;
npx hardhat test
Output:
Running the full test without a flag will run the test from top to bottom as shown below.
Here’s the full test file code:
const { expect } = require("chai");
const { ethers } = require("hardhat");
describe("MultisigWallet", function () {
async function deployMultisigWallet() {
const signers = await ethers.getSigners();
const account1 = await signers[0].getAddress();
const account2 = await signers[1].getAddress();
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("10");
const Contract = await ethers.getContractFactory(
"MultisigWallet",
signers[0]
);
const multisigContract = await Contract.deploy([account1, account2], {
value: amount,
});
await multisigContract.deployed();
contract = multisigContract;
contractAddress = multisigContract.address;
return { contract, contractAddress, account1, account2 };
}
describe("Constructor", function () {
it("Should add the owners to the contract", async function () {
const {
contract,
contractAddress,
account1,
account2,
} = await deployMultisigWallet();
const owners = await contract.getOwners();
expect(account1, account2).to.equal(owners[0], owners[1]);
});
it("Should add the number of confimations successfully", async function () {
const {
contract,
contractAddress,
account1,
account2,
} = await deployMultisigWallet();
const confirmations = await contract.getNumberOfConfimationsRequired();
expect(Number(confirmations.toString())).to.equal(2);
});
});
describe("SubmitTx", function () {
it("Should successfully submit a transaction", async function () {
const {
contract,
contractAddress,
account1,
account2,
} = await deployMultisigWallet();
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payment for stuff";
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
const txs = await contract.getTransactions();
expect(txs.length).to.be.greaterThan(0);
});
});
describe("ConfirmTx", function () {
it("Should fail when a non owner tries to confirm the transaction", async function () {
const { contract } = await deployMultisigWallet();
// const signers = await ethers.getSigners()
const [deployer, otherAccount, thirdAccount] = await ethers.getSigners();
const localContract = await contract.connect(thirdAccount);
await expect(localContract.confirmTransaction(0)).to.be
.revertedWithCustomError;
});
it("Should fail when a transaction entered does not exist", async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet();
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payments for stuff";
// Add a new transaction
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
await expect(contract.confirmTransaction(100)).to.be
.revertedWithCustomError;
});
});
it("Should successfully confirm the transaction", async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet();
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payments for stuff";
// Add a new transaction
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
// Confirm the Tx
await contract.confirmTransaction(0);
// Check to see if it was confirmed
const txStatus = await contract.getTransactions();
expect(Number(txStatus[0].confirmations.toString())).to.equal(1);
});
describe("ExecuteTx", function () {
it("Should fail when the transaction has less confirmations", async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet();
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payments for stuff";
// Add a new transaction
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
// Confirm the Tx
await contract.confirmTransaction(0);
await expect(contract.executeTransaction(0)).to.be
.revertedWithCustomError;
});
it("Should successfully execute the transaction and transfer the balance", async function () {
const { contract, account1, account2 } = await deployMultisigWallet();
const [deployer, otherAccount, thirdAccount] = await ethers.getSigners();
const localContract = await contract.connect(otherAccount);
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("1");
const reason = "Payments for stuff";
// Add a new transaction
await contract.submitTransaction(account2, amount, reason, {
from: account1,
});
// Confirm the Tx
await contract.confirmTransaction(0);
await localContract.confirmTransaction(0);
// Execute the tx
await contract.executeTransaction(0);
const tx = await contract.getTransactions();
expect(tx[0].executed).to.be.true;
});
});
});
Deploying the contract
To deploy the contract, we need to make add some additional information to the hardhat.config.js file. Information like the network URL, deployer’s account, and many others
Configuring the hardhat script file
The hardhat script file is used to deploy and interact with the smart contract.
In this script, we define three networks: hardhat, localhost, and alfajores.
Both the hardhat and local networks are the default used for local testing.
Finally, the alfajores network is used to deploy the smart contract on the Alfajores testnet. This is where we’ll deploy our contract. Each network configuration includes a chainId, which is a unique identifier for each blockchain network.
Next, we define the Solidity compiler versions that we want to use. In this script, we specify four different versions of the Solidity compiler, ranging from version 0.6.6 to version 0.8.18. By including multiple compiler versions, we can compile our smart contracts with different versions of Solidity and ensure that our contracts will work on different networks.
We also define a named account in this script, deployer, which is used to deploy the smart contract. By defining a named account, we can easily refer to it in our deployment scripts.
Finally, the etherscan section is used to configure Etherscan API keys for different networks. We provide an API key for the alfajores network, which allows us to verify our deployed contract on the Etherscan block explorer.
Obtaining env keys
To configure and get the environment variables for the hardhat.config.js file, you need to create a .env file in the root directory of the project. The .env file should contain the required environment variables.
As shown below:
ALFAJORES_API_KEY=<ALAFAJORES API KEY>
ALFAJORES_URL=https://celo-alfajores.infura.io/v3/<INFURA RPC KEY>
PRIVATE_KEY=<WALLET PRIVATE KEY FROM METAMASK>
ALFAJORES_API_KEY: This is the API key for the Alfajores network provided by Celscan. You can get an API key by creating an account on Celoscan here and going to the API section of your account.ALFAJORES_URL: This is the URL for the Aljajores network. To get this URL, create an account with Infura herePRIVATE_KEY: This is the private key for the account that will be used to deploy the contract. This can be found in your MetaMask wallet.
Overall, this script file is used to configure the various settings of the Hardhat framework and is crucial for developing, testing, and deploying smart contracts using Hardhat.
Full hardhat.config.js file;
require("@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox");
require("dotenv").config();
const { ALFAJORES_API_KEY, ALFAJORES_URL, PRIVATE_KEY } = process.env;
/** @type import('hardhat/config').HardhatUserConfig */
module.exports = {
defaultNetwork: "hardhat",
networks: {
hardhat: {
chainId: 31337,
},
localhost: {
url: "http://127.0.0.1:8545",
chainId: 31337,
},
alfajores: {
url: ALFAJORES_URL,
accounts: [PRIVATE_KEY],
chainId: 44787,
},
},
solidity: {
compilers: [
{
version: "0.8.9",
},
{
version: "0.8.18",
},
{
version: "0.8.7",
},
{
version: "0.6.6",
},
],
},
namedAccounts: {
deployer: {
default: 0,
},
},
etherscan: {
apiKey: {
alfajores: ALFAJORES_API_KEY,
},
customChains: [
{
network: "alfajores",
chainId: 44787,
urls: {
apiURL: "https://api-alfajores.celoscan.io/api",
browserURL: "https://alfajores.celoscan.io/",
},
},
],
},
};
Deploy script
To simplify the deployment process of the contract, we’ll use the hardhat-deploy package, and we need to install it.
In your terminal:
npm install -D hardhat-deploy
Import the package at the top of your hardhat.config.js:
require('hardhat-deploy');
Since hardhat-deploy-ethers is a fork of @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers and that other plugin might have a hardcoded dependency on @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers the best way to install hardhat-deploy-ethers and ensure compatibility is the following:
npm install --save-dev @nomiclabs/hardhat-ethers@npm:hardhat-deploy-ethers ethers
Now that our hardhat configuration is complete, we can now write a deploy script for the contract.
Inside /scripts create a file called 01-multisig-deploy.js. This will define the main deploy script for the contract with the code below:
const { ethers, network } = require("hardhat");
const verifyContract = require("../utils/verifyContract");
module.exports = async ({ getNamedAccounts, deployments }) => {
const { deployer } = await getNamedAccounts();
const account1 = "0x5CBDf5f9E468dF3888e04155668CcAfC6F6C4dcf";
const account2 = "0xD2c2591162162Fc57a40bc8a3C9cff0E6dFc9824";
const chainId = network.config.chainId;
const amount = ethers.utils.parseEther("0.5");
const { deploy, log } = deployments;
const args = [[account1, account2]];
const waitConfirmations = 1;
// Only verify the contract when we are deploying on the celo test net
const tx = await deploy("MultisigWallet", {
from: deployer,
args: args,
waitConfirmations: waitConfirmations,
log: true,
value: amount,
});
log("MultisigWallet contract deployed --------------");
if (chainId != 31337) {
log("Verifying the contract on celoscan...");
await verifyContract(tx.address);
}
};
module.exports.tags = ["all", "deploy"];
The script exports an async function that takes an object with two properties, getNamedAccounts and deployments, as its argument. The getNamedAccounts function is used to retrieve the addresses of named accounts that are defined in the hardhat.config.js file. The deployments object is used to deploy the MultisigWallet contract.
The script first defines two variables, account1 and account2, which are hardcoded addresses of two accounts. It also retrieves the chainId of the network on which the contract will be deployed and defines the amount of Ether to be sent along with the contract deployment.
The script then calls the deploy function of the deployments object to deploy the MultisigWallet contract with the specified arguments. The from property of the options object specifies the account that will deploy the contract. The args property specifies the arguments to be passed to the contract constructor, which in this case is an array of two addresses. The waitConfirmations property specifies the number of confirmations required for a transaction to be executed, and the log property specifies that deployment logs should be printed to the console. Finally, the value property specifies the amount of Ether to be sent along with the deployment.
After the contract is deployed, the script checks if the chainId is not equal to 31337 (the chain ID for the local Hardhat network). If so, it calls an external utility function verifyContract to verify the contract on celoscan, a Celo blockchain explorer.
The script is tagged with the all and deploy tags, which means it will be executed when the deploy command is run.
The verify script
The verifyContract() is used to verify the contract programmatically on the chain. The script is defined inside the /utils folder.
const { run } = require("hardhat");
const verifyContract = async (contractAddress) => {
console.log("Verifying contract...");
try {
await run("verify:verify", {
address: contractAddress,
});
console.log("Contract verified!");
} catch (err) {
console.log(err);
}
};
module.exports = { verifyContract };
The verifyContract file is a utility function that exports a single function called verifyContract. This function takes in a contractAddress parameter and it verifies the contract on the blockchain.
The function uses the run function from the Hardhat framework to execute the verify:verify command, passing the contractAddress as an argument. This command runs a verification script that checks the contract’s bytecode and ABI against the corresponding source code and ensures that they match.
If the verification is successful, the function logs a message saying “Contract verified!”. If it fails, it logs the error message.
This function is used in the 01-multisig.deploy.js file to verify the deployed contract on the blockchain if the chain ID is not 31337.
Using the defined deploy script, we can now deploy the contract from the terminal.
In your terminal type:
npx hardhat deploy --network alfajores
This will automatically push the contract to Celo Alfajore’s network using all the predefined environment variables in the hardhat.config.js file.
Output:
The contract was successfully deployed and verified on the alfajores network, here
Conclusion
We have learned how to deploy a multi-signature wallet smart contract on the Celo blockchain using the Hardhat development environment and Solidity programming language. We started by setting up our project environment and defining our smart contract. We then wrote tests to ensure our contract functions correctly and finally deployed it to the Celo blockchain using the Hardhat deployment scripts. With this knowledge, you should be able to create and deploy your multi-signature wallet contract on Celo.
NextSteps
Now that you have learned the basics of creating a multi-sig wallet, you can extend this tutorial to add more functionality to your contract, such as:
- Adding support for more signers to the contract
- Adding the ability to cancel transactions
- Adding a timelock for transaction execution
- Creating a user interface for the multisig wallet
These are just a few examples of the features you can add to your multisig wallet. With this knowledge, you can explore the world of smart contracts and blockchain development further. Keep learning and building!
About the Author
Created by Jovan Mwesigwa B, Blockchain, Solidity developer
Reach out:
- Twitter: @unreal_joova
- Github: JovanMwesigwa
- Linkedin: JovanMwesigwa
References
- Hardhat | Hardhat Docs
- Project code | Github
- Infura | Infura RPC Provider
- Celo faucet | Celo test funds